Crically Evaluate the Claim That Infants Have an Innate...

Critically evaluate the claim that infants have an innate knowledge of object properties. Use evidence to support your arguments. Object properties have been systematically associated with the Piagetian approach of cognitive development and in particular the sensorimotor period. Until the 1970’s, Piaget’s influential stance that knowledge of object properties is only learned from around nine months old had not been questioned. However, due to more contemporary studies there have been claims that not only do younger infants exhibit behaviours suggesting that Piaget’s assumptions may underestimate cognitive abilities but some studies have controversially suggested that newborns have shown to have a certain amount of innate knowledge. This†¦show more content†¦Interestingly though, some researchers do not halt at the suggestion that Piaget underestimated younger infants cognitive abilities, but instead refute Piaget’s assumption that ‘humans do not start out as cognitive beings’ (Berk, 2009) and in fact have some innate cognitive abilities. There have been suggesti ons that knowledge of object properties depends on visual information relating to perceptual abilities of the infant, addressed in a study by Valenza, Zulian and Leo (2005). They tested infants’ ability to recognise a correspondence between one version of a simple shape with another. Results showed infants recognised a correspondence more between a partly occluded shape and a non occluded shape than a non occluded shape and an unoccluded shape with a gap, implying that there may be some innate ability. The importance of the simplicity of the shapes used in Valenza et al’s study (2005) had been addressed by other researchers such as Kellman and Spelke (1983) who stated that the type of visual information used by younger infants differs from the visual information used by older children, therefore implying that there may be different thresholds of information needed for

The Minimum Wage Must Be Raised Essay - 2993 Words

Los Angeles lawmakers Tuesday voted to boost the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2020, the largest city to try to help its lowest-paid workers survive amid the nations growing income inequality. -- Michael Winter, USA TODAY May 19, 2015 Understanding the potential of an increase in today’s minimum wage is the key to understanding the above statement. As a financial mechanism in American society, the minimum wage has helped to sustain generations of workers. Yet, there are two sides to the debate over minimum wage increases. One side—the proponents—feel strongly that low-income workers need some incentive to earn a sufficient living. Conversely, opponents believe that changing the minimum wage does not always help workers and can†¦show more content†¦Other statistics show that minimum wage earners are not single and work full-time. Instead, they have entry-level positions in jobs that require some education and experience (Sherk, 2013). Thus, as history has documented minimum wage workers, it is obvious that they are not all poverty-stricken. In recent news, President Barack Obama has pledged to support an increase to the minimum wage of at least 9 dollars per hour. He also supports indexing the minimum wage according to inflation (Doyle, 2013). This would create an increase in the minimum wage whenever the cost of living rises. During his 2013 State of the Union Address, President Obama â€Å"argued that hiking the minimum wage would improve the lives of millions of workers and their families† (Jamieson, 2013, para. 9). The Obama Administration backs legislation brought to Congress by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative George Miller. Because the two men feel that a hike to $9 would not be enough, they support increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 (Jamieson, 2013). Unfortunately, in March 2013, the House struck down hopes for passing this minimum wage bill for a value of $10.10. Many reasons were given for the event, but, namely, there was division within the Democratic Party (Dinan, 2013). Now, the federal min imum wage remains at $7.25 per hour and this last increase was made back in 2009 (Doyle, 2013). The debate over minimum wage can be found at all levels of society from theShow MoreRelatedThe Minimum Wage Must Be Raised Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesamount of time and effort that goes into a daily job, these workers are making minimum wage and are fighting to survive in the current economic state. It is close to impossible for most families to survive without spending paycheck-to-paycheck, as most do. There is a seemingly simple fix for this problem: Raise the minimum wage. Although raising the minimum wage will cause some commotion in this economy, a raise in this wage will help benefit all aspects of our economy and the people who work and supportRead MoreEssay The Minimum Wage For Restaurant Workers Must Be Raised1057 Words   |  5 Pagesexistence of the tipped minimum wage, which since 1991 has stayed set at $2.13 per hour. Not many people even realize that the tipped minimu m wage exists, but according to the DOL, servers in 43 states get paid less than the regular minimum wage hourly based on the assumption that the rest of their wages will come from customer tips. In fact, 22 states pay their tipped workers less than $3 per hour. Although tips can often lead to servers making well over regular minimum wage per hour, overall, tipsRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe minimum wage is one of the most controversial issues on our country, which is United States has been facing last ten years. There have been never ending debates over this issue until the government, company, and others party stand together, and raise the minimum wage throughout the nations. There are communities that believe raise the minimum wage has negative impact of every sector of the country. Other communities have different beliefs over the issue, raising the minimum wage helps the poorRead MoreShould Minimum Wage Be Raised?1062 Words   |  5 Pagesever pressing question regarding Minimum wage. Not many subjects can ignite a controversy as quickly as that of whether or not minimum wage should be raised, or by how much should it be raised or if it should remain the same. What is minimum wage? By definition, minimum wage is the minimum hourly wage an employer can pay an employee for work. (â€Å"MinimumWage.com†) America’s minimum wage was first introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938. That minimum wage was introduced as part of the FairRead MoreMinimum Wage Persuasive Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesmore than the federal minimum wage? If you said yes then perhaps you are unaware of the many negative effects surrounding a higher minimum wage and after reading this you will be educated on why the minimum wage should not be raised. In the beginning, the minimum wage was created with good intentions. It was originally established in 1938 and was $.25 an hour (Sessions). It was created to make sure that businesses would not take advantage over workers. While the minimum wage was and still is a goodRead MoreShould Minimum Wage Be Raised?870 Words   |  4 PagesShould Minimum Wage Be Raised? Minimum wage has always been a controversial issue. Many politicians use the argument of minimum wage for their own political propaganda. Some may argue minimum wage should be raised, while others believe it will have detrimental effects on our economy if it is raised. Surprising to most people, minimum wage earners make up only a small percent of American workers. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, minimum wage workers make up about 2.8% of all workersRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Raised1274 Words   |  6 PagesDean Nguyen Mrs. Schmessier Ap English 11 1/31/2015 Minimum Wage Should be Raised to $10.10 Every day at 5:00 AM, June wakes up to prepare breakfast for her two kids. Squeezing the last bit of mayo, she completes two ham and cheese sandwiches. Then June leaves to go to work at Mcdonalds. At about 7, June finishes up wiping the table and gets ready to leave.June goes to the grocery to pick up some grilled chicken and a new bottle of mayo for her family. â€Å"That’ll be $12.68 miss,† says the cash registerRead MoreHistory of Minimum Wage1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of Minimum Wage is â€Å"an amount of money that is the least amount of money per hour that workers must be paid according to the law† (Minimum wage). Minimum wage, like other laws, are used to keep the economy in line. Minimum wage laws were invented in Australia and New Zealand with the purpose of guaranteeing a minimum standard of living for unskilled workers. (Linda Gorman) Minimum wage puts a price on the services one offers. Many different principles can be used to explain Minimum wage and exploreRead MoreMinimum Wages During 21st Century America1649 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Wages in 21st Century America In the United States the time has come for the next president to be elected and the political fervor has come early this year with an unconventional, surprisingly interesting primary race. With the coming of a new commander in chief the incessant grilling of the candidates has begun and issues, such as poverty in the United States, are being given the national spot light during debates. The issue of poverty has recently gained traction among citizens as wellRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Raised1395 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society, minimum wage is an issue. It’s whether or not it should be raised or lowered. This interests almost everyone due to the fact that everyone wants to make money and the amount should reflect the work and skills that are put in. The minimum wage is a major antijobs policy. First things first, the minimum wage buys a lot less than it used to. Only Congress can adjust the federal minimum wage, and it doesn’t necessarily increase with inflation. As a result, its buying power has diminished

Destroying Avalon free essay sample

Destroying Avalon by Venus Pham Published in 2006, ‘Destroying Avalon’ is a Young Adult fiction novel written by Katie McCaffrey. It depicts the story of Avalon, a 14 year old girl, whose life drastically changes when she moves from the country side of Grace Point to the city of Sorrento. As she enters a new school she becomes a target of a bullying campaign which escalates to being bullied both face to face and through blogging sites. Attacked by strangers and people she knows, the novel gives a strong insight towards teenage struggle and betrayal. Destroying Avalon’ explores the effects of bullying, search for identity and adolescent peer pressure. The novels illustrates not just only the hurt and sorrow a victim of bullying feels but how bullying can potentially destroy people internally. ‘Destroying Avalon’ is a compelling book about bullying, hardships and importance of friendships. In ‘Destroying Avalon’, the story is told through t he eyes of Avalon. I believe this technique is powerful and effective as this allows for the readers to connect and sympathise with her on a deeper emotional level. By writing in first person perspective, I was able to comprehensively understand her thoughts and feelings. When I read how the bullying began and the torment Avalon continuously endured, I would often ask myself what I would do if I was in Avalon’s situation. I know I would have the strength and support to end it so initially I was confused and quite furious that Avalon did not defend herself. However, as I continued to read on, I began to understand why she chose not to stand up her to bullies and saw how the bullying affected her. Avalon was emotionally broken and felt that she was in an unsafe environment where she was alienated and unheard. The novel allowed for me to develop a whole new perspective on bullying and the importance of having a strong support network. Though I have not experience bullying firsthand, I found that there are moments in every person’s life where they have felt alone, depressed and inferior. Everybody goes through dark periods in their life and that aspect in the novel is what I found most relatable and realistic. At first, ‘Destroying Avalon’ did not appeal to me as teen bullying novels can be predictable. However, despite not liking the genre the plot was engaging and gripping. The author created characters that could be described as complicated, unpredictable yet strong individuals with quiet determination. The plot was well structured, taking readers through an incredible journey of a 14 year old adolescent but also allowed room for the imagination and the analysis of teenage behaviour. Aimed at adolescents aged 15-18 years, the novel uses modern phrases, internet slang and imagery to make the text more appealing to the target audience. The story really highlights the dangers of the internet and how damaging words can be. Cyber bullying can be seen as worse kind of bullying as there is no escape from it. Avalon was tormented through technology where rumours were spread through blogging site, threatening emails and text messages. Traditional bullying victims are considered ‘safe’ once they reach their homes but through cyber bullying, the harassment is never ending. It is constant, overwhelming and soul-destroying. Being the target of cyber bullying, Avalon often, if not always, felt exposed even in the privacy of her own bedroom, â€Å"†¦ the one place I had felt safe until it was invaded through my fifteen inch, flat screen monitor. (page 127). What stood out to me the most was the climax which was also the saddest. This section analysis the absolute devastation of cyber bullying and examines in detail how the situation completely struck Avalon and how it made her feel so empty and lost. I was disgusted and left in disbelief that there are people my age who are capable of creating such pain towards others and it really made me feel sympathy towards the characters. The novel is absorbing, terrifying, uplifting and detailed. It is intriguing to see how Avalon starts off as a happy and easy going teenager and yet, the effects of bullying changed her attitude and mood. I am curious and intrigued to know the logical reason of the cyber bully as only Avalon’s thoughts were explored. The cyber bully who may have had experienced some form of torment themself pulled me into a train of thought to how one can be capable of such hateful behaviour. Cyber bullies often confide in the fact that their identities would not be discovered making them the most weak and cowardly. It was fascinating to read how teenagers and people in general can treat each other with such cruelty and how the young minds can easily manipulate themselves to think that they are to blame the choices of others. Although society has grown and evolved since the book was written, technology, too, has evolved which has resulted to the increase of cyber bullying. The book is good for adolescents as they can relate to the events in the novel and even for parents to have a clearer understanding to the harms of the internet. Technology and the internet is such a big part of our lives in modern society and the novel project powerful message that addresses the issues today. After reading ‘Destroying Avalon’ it gave me a different outlook on how I treat people and repercussions my actions may bring. The novel is hard hitting, descriptive, faced paced with good plot development and tackled the severity of cyber bullying and the horrific effects it can have on people’s lives.

Leadership and Influence

Table of Contents Introduction Initial Reflection on Unit Context Organizational Dynamics Leader as a Social Architect Conclusion Reference List Introduction According to Northouse (2009, p. 3), â€Å"Leadership is a process whereby an individual influence a group of individuals to achieve a common goal†.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership and Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering leadership a process implies that it cannot be defined as a characteristic or trait that is typical of a leader, but a transactional phenomenon that arises from the communication between a leader and followers. Defining leadership from this perspective provides greater understanding of the influences and interactions between leaders and their subordinates. Hence, leadership cannot exist without influence because it constantly occurs in groups, the context in which leaders operate and influence indivi duals to achieve a common purpose. In the course of development, leadership practices have evolved into multiple models and theories. This is of particular concern to transformational leadership and situational leadership models. There are also frameworks that are premised on such aspects as personality traits, skills, and behavior. All these approaches provide a wider picture of how leadership can be characterized, as well as what dimensions are the most efficient ones in managing an organization. Initial Reflection on Unit General analysis of leadership is closely associated with the contexts in which leaders operate, trends in organizational dynamics, and discussion of traits, skills, and competencies that a leader should possess. Engaging in formative activities, specific attention has been given to the analysis of personal skills, experiences, and activities that relate to leadership analysis. Multiple tests and procedures have provided awareness of pitfalls and benefits that c an further be considered in self-evaluation tests.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In particular, self-assessment is designed to assist leaders with determining what skills are needed to develop new leadership competencies. Context Because leadership can refer to process and influence, the contextual dimension of understanding this phenomenon is vital. Introducing new models, techniques and approaches to leadership educations has strong connection with social environment, political aspects, as well as the dynamics of human nature. More importantly, due to the fact that leadership as a process that refers to various cultural contexts and personal dimensions, specific attention should also be given to self-reliance and personal growth initiatives, being the main drive forces of developing leadership skills. Leadership evaluation is closely associated with evolution of social and organizational change. In this respect, Rost and Barker (2000) emphasize that, at the threshold of the twenty first century, leadership perspectives are more oriented on individualistic training of leaders as a superior class. Focus on leaders’ and ignorance of followers, however, does not contribute to the development of efficient management environment because the influence and interaction stand at the core of the relationship. In this respect, Rost and Barker (2000, p. 4) assume, â€Å"leadership education†¦is goal oriented, where the goal is defined by some level of organizational performance; †¦it is centered on self-interest; it is founded in materialism†. Such a perspective has dramatically changed nowadays since more models are oriented on individuals rather than on goals. Leaders should develop a set of values and goals that can suit the employees’ culture and generate profitability, commitment, motivation, and high performance in an organ ization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership and Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ability to adopt new approaches is closely associated with change management. It is also inherent condition for promoting leadership perspectives. In this respect, Dawson (2008, p. 1) stresses, â€Å"evaluating the extent and depth of company change allows us to classify change from small development activities and routing modifications through a large-scale transformational initiatives†. Apart from the evident connection between external aspects of change and its influence of organizational development, change management should be consistently applied to individuals working with an organization. In this respect, Dawson (2008, p.) insists, â€Å"†¦the importance of communication, employee involvement and ensuring that behavioral change is rooted within the culture of an organization has a relationship has longstanding history in the field of Organizational Development†. Therefore, both organizational environment and human potential are important factors triggering new trends in leadership styles. With regard to the above, leadership contributes greatly to formation of workplace setting, which influences the level of individuals’ achievement, purpose, and security. Therefore, leaders should realize that the turnover level and recruitment culture depend largely on personal characteristics and approaches that they to improve organizational culture.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this respect, Hull (2003, p. 3) understands workplace leadership in terms of â€Å"how the immediate supervisor, team leader, manager or coordinator presented himself or herself†. The focus is made on leadership and individual potential, but not on administration and management. Hence, the employed environment should be effectively organized to enhance employees’ motivation and increase their competence (McDonald n. d.). In addition, leaders should be able to organize their followers in teams to operate effectively and achieve the established goals. Within a cultural context, it should be acknowledged that most leadership styles are oriented on western models that are characterized by a narrow-focused orientation. In this respect, Mellahi (2000) advises to think beyond western stereotypes and promote new, unconventional approaches to business management. Diverse leadership practices, therefore, are vital for creating a universal scheme. Similar to Mellahi (2000), Av ramopoulos and Thomas (2007) also discuss leadership in the context of Greek traditions. In simplistic terms, understanding Greek context does not imply focusing on historic analysis of specific leaders. Rather, the tradition is associated with â€Å"the interference of cultural factors and key principles relating to leadership development as evidenced within broader literary source of ancient Greek figures† (Avramopoulos and Thomas 2007, p. 52). Within this perspective, the leadership style illustrates social ideology and qualities that ancient leaders tried to achieve. At an individual level, the myth aims to outlinine an important process of searching for the self through struggle and effort. During the struggle, potential leaders should be guided by an appropriate mentor who can provide viable advice. Therefore, the Greek mythology closely relates to gods and goddess who accompany mortal heroes in their pursuit of goals. Finally, at the threshold of the technological era, leadership should be connected with the development of online communication, which requires leaders and supervisors to inquire new skills and experiences, including instant messaging, technological competence, and constant interaction with several subordinates (Martinsons et al. 2009). In this respect, the virtual context also influences the modes of negotiation and supervision. Organizational Dynamics Organizational dynamics and development is closely associated with individuals’ performance, group working, and organizational culture. All these components should be harmonized through efficient leadership and supervision. The research on organizational dynamics, therefore, aims to define the extent to which individuals should be involved in teamwork, as well as how group cooperation, should concern how close leaders should follow the firmly established goals. Team culture is an important element of successful interaction and cooperation, but focus on individual achievement i s not less important. Finally, lack of support and inability to adjust to quickly changing environments does not contribute to innovation and improvement. Team building is an indispensible factor affecting corporate cultures. It defines duties and responsibilities that each team member should take. In this respect, the role of a leader is confined to taking control of the processes held within the team and providing team members with enough space for creativity and critical thinking. The individual potential should be appraised by leaders. In this respect, Thomas and Walker (2010, p. 189) insist, â€Å"the sharp end, where policy rhetoric meets organizational reality, is an ideal opportunity to examine leadership and its handmaiden failure†. The failure to conform to a specific end should not be regarded as a disability of a team leader to achieve the desired goals. The problem is that leaders are not flexible enough to recognize alternative solutions to the problem that have been offered beyond the established framework. As a result, the organization fails to response to the rapidly changing external environment, which can also lead to low competence. The value of team working should not be underestimated because it provides a number of benefits for employees’ performance and productivity. In particular, team building is primarily premised on constant support, assistance, and interaction, leading to generation of new ideas and thoughts. As an example, Smith (2012) on the Olympic games held in Australia when Australian swimmers failed to achieve the results just because no one expected they could win the game. Reluctance to make the effort refers, first of all, to the prejudices and biases shaped within the coach’s team. According to Smith (2012, p. 2), â€Å"this relatively dismal showing has come to be seen as the inescapable product of poor administered sport in sharp decline†¦weak leadership and double standards†. Strong de pendence on authority, however, prevents individuals from developing their professional skills, as well as cognizing personal abilities and skills. Such a perspective explains the dark side of supervision and leadership that is concerned with cult of a leader, rather than adherence to specific goals (Dark Side of Leadership n. d.). More importantly, self-destructive behaviors of leaders can cause the decline of corporate culture. Leader as a Social Architect It has been defined that leadership is connected with the social and cultural environment in which leaders can be regarded as social architects. Hence, managers and supervisors should be able to scan the external and internal setting for delivering new mechanism to face challenges of constantly changing market. Product innovation, knowledge management, human resources are among the priorities that leaders should consider before engaging into organizational development. Cultural diversity is another phenomenon that has penetrated the management landscape and has shaped new perspectives on leadership. Cross-cultural communication is indispensible for leaders to reach consensus with their employees and find the motivating factors increasing employees’ engagement into the organizational process. According to Abbasi and Hollman (1989, p. 19), â€Å"managing involves dealing with people who have unique emotions, interests, attitudes, perceptions, cultural experiences, and socio-economic backgrounds†. In other words, leading an organization successfully, managers should control organizational processes as they believe they should be controlled. Regardless of personality traits, executives should consider a number of rules and principles of managing people. To begin with, leaders should demonstrate high integrity, which possible through trust, honesty, and respect. Second, fear should be removed from the employed setting because employees will be more productive in case they are not under the pressur e. Third, open communication and open channels of interaction and information exchange is another successful solution to the problem. Finally, providing objective recognition of employees’ achievements can also generate higher rates of job performance. There are number of opportunities for leaders to adjust to constantly changing working setting. Leading change effectively, executives should be more concerned with developing a new outlook on performance that emphasizes team-based models to cope with the transition to a new model (Kaplan and Norton 2001). The task of a leader lies in developing a new set of values and structures that can contribute to the development of a new management system that introduce measurement to articulate change (Lussier and Archua 2009). In additional, the evaluation of behavioral patterns within an organization is also important because it influences strategic thinking, trustful relationships, progressive stability, and considerations for others. While deliberating on similarities and differences of leadership across cultures, Taormina and Selvarajah (2005, p. 314) pay attention to Asian leadership by stating â€Å"the East-West cultural different on t his factor may be noticed in practice†. For example, western leaders expect their organizations to undertake risk and, therefore, they accept risk as an important condition for conducting daily operations. In contrast, Eastern leadership focuses more on a well-planned activity that ensures the security of subordinates who are involved in specific ventures. Individualistic biases, universality, and readiness to adjust to new challenges should create the basis of change management and organizational progress. According to Sturdy and Grey (2003), leaders should be able to quickly react to the emerging problems, as well as pay attention to employees’ needs, values, and beliefs to define what styles should be employed to improve the situation. More importantly, the i nteraction between transformational leadership style and organizational change will allow the leaders to establish successful modes of performance (Boga and Ensari, 2009). In such a manner, executives will be able to stand the competition successfully. Conclusion A multi-dimensional analysis of leadership education and development has provided a wider picture on cultural, political, social, and economic aspects of its influence on organizational culture and employees’ performance. More importantly, the analysis has provided new theoretical and empirical perspectives of leading change within an organization through introducing innovation. All the above-presented themes are interdependent because one dimension influences the outcomes of another. Communication and individual-centered approach are also important for sustaining a competitive advantage. Reference List Abbasi, SM, and Hollman 1989, ‘KW Incompetence Bosses: Are You One of Them?’, IM, pp. 17-19. Avramopou los, S, and Thomas, KV 2007,‘Leadership Odyssey’, The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 51-60. Boga, I, and Ensari, N 2009,‘The Role of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Change on Perceived Organizational Success’, The Psychologist-Manager Journal, vol. 12, pp. 235-251. ‘Dark Side of Leadership Revisted’ n. d., pp. 3-26. Dawson, PM 2008, ‘People and Process: Making Sense of Change Management’, ICOMS Asset Management Conference, 1-11. Hull, D 2003, Simply the Best Workplaces in Australia, University of Sydney, pp. 2-41. Kaplan, RS, and Norton DP, 2001, ‘Leading Change with The Balanced Scorecard’. Financial Executive, pp. 64-66. Lussier, RN, and Archua, CF 2009, Leadership: Theory, Application and Skill Development. Cengage Learnng, New York. Martinsons, MG, Davidson, RM, and Martinsons, V 2009, ‘How Culture Influences IT-Enabled Organizational Chan ge and Information Systems’, Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, no. 4., pp. 118-123. McDonald, R n. d., ‘Core Skills for Work – A Framework’, Ithaca Group, pp. 1-13. Mellahi, K 2000, ‘The Teaching of Leadership on UK MBA Programs: A Critical Analysis from an International Perspective’, Journal of Management Development, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 297-308. Northouse, P 2009, Leadership: Theory and Practice, SAGE, New York. Rost, JC, and Barker, RA 2000, ‘Leadership Education in Colleges: Toward a 21st Century Paradigm’, Journal of Leadership Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 3-12. Smith, W 2012, That Sinking Feeling, The Australian, pp. 1-7. Sturdy, A and Grey C 2003, ‘Beneath and Beyond Organizational Change Management: Exploring Alternatives’, Organization, vol. 10 no. 4, pp. 651-662. Taormina, RJ, and Selvarajah, C 2005, ‘Perceptions of Leadership Excellence in ASEAN Nations’, Leadership, vol.1, no. 3, pp. 299-322. Thomas, KT, and Walker AD, 2010, ‘The Sharp End: Real Life Challenges in a Complex Activity Space’, Journal of Public Affairs, vol. 10, pp. 186-199. This report on Leadership and Influence was written and submitted by user Luciano O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.